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一、各种题型的写作方法：
现象解释型：基本方法为：描述现象→分析原因→对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。
对比选择型：基本方法为：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由;阐述第二种(相对或相反的)观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由;表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。
问题解决型：基本方法为：提出问题→分析问题→解决问题。
观点论证型：基本方法为：分析主题→得出结论→举例论证→得出结论(证明观点的正确性)。
应用文基本方法为：分析所给情景→选择写作方法。
二、应用文作文模板
1. 致歉信
道歉信中开头段常用句式和套话
I am writing this letter to express my regret…
I am writing to apology for …
I would like to give you my apology for…
I am very sorry to say that …
I must apologize about (not) doing sth…
Please accept my sincerely apology for…
I am writing to say sorry for…
I am terribly sorry, but…
道歉信中结尾段常用句式和套句
Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Please allow me to say sorry again.
Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.
I sincerely hope that you will be able to think in my position and accept my apologies.
I want to let you know how regretful I am feeling now.
I am sorry that I can’t… and trust that you will be able to understand.
Sample (1)
Dear Joe,
I am terribly sorry to tell you that I am unable to attend your birthday party next Tuesday evening. That is owing to the fact our physiological teacher has assigned us quite a few experiments and required us to hand in our reports of the results before next Tuesday, and it happens that your birthday party is going to be held when I will be fully occupied by the assignments. So I cannot go to celebrate your birthday personally and I really regret that I would miss the perfect chance of enjoying myself with so many friends.
But I’d like to wish you a happy birthday here and will send you a gift in advance. Besides, please give my regards to our friends when you meet them at the party.
Cordially, Li Ping
Sample (2)
Dear Mrs. Robinson,
Thank you for your letter of June 17th, complaining about the conduct of our employees.
We have investigated the matter already and the person concerned (有关人士) will be severely punished. Please accept our sincere apologies for this unhappy experience.
Thank you also for bringing this matter to our attention. We place great importance on conduct of our employees and your complaint will give us the opportunity to remedy any problem that may exist. We assure (向…保证) you that such a matter will never happen again. You will be sure to find the level of our service will be greatly improved in the days to come.
Yours sincerely,
Mike Collins
Sample (3)
Dear George,
I am terribly sorry to tell you that I cannot meet you tomorrow morning as we arranged before because my company has appointed me to meet a customer from Australia. Shall we fix another time? You can contact me any time from Tuesday to Thursday next week.
Please forgive me for any inconvenience it causes you.
Yours sincerely,
Mike Collins
2. 感谢信
感谢信开头段常用句式和套话
I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for …
I am writing to express my thanks for …
I am writing to show my sincere appreciation for …
I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for…
I feel deeply indebted to you and I really don’t know how to thank you enough for your help.
感谢信结尾常用句式和套话
I must thank you again for your generous help.
I am most grateful for your selfless donation.
My true gratitude is beyond my words.
I feel most obliged to thank you once more.
Sample (1)
Dear Mr. Rogers,
It is my great pleasure to show my hearty thanks to you for your hospitality and courtesy during my stay in London.
Originally I only wanted to call on you and gave my father’s regard to you, as it had been three years since you and he last saw each other. But you insisted that I stay in your house during my visit to London and took good care of my life as if I were a family member of you instead of the daughter of one of your friends. You really added greatly to my convenience and pleasure of the whole trip.
Thank you again for your kindness and I hope that I will have the opportunity to return your charming hospitality.
Yours faithfully,
Wu Ting
Sample (2)
Dear Professor Liang,
I am writing to you to extend my gratitude to you because with your help I am now a student of Chemistry Department of Sydney University.
Last July, when I applied to become a graduate student of Sydney University, you really gave me a lot of valuable help. You not only wrote a recommendation for me to Professor Wells who works in the Sydney University but also gave me careful and patient instruction on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters.
It is your unreserved help that enables me to obtain this splendid opportunity of further education. For the following two years I will study hard to reciprocate your sincere help and expectations with excellent grades.
Yours truly,
Zhang Ying
3. 建议信模板
写作“三步走”:自我介绍、说明目的->委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告->礼貌地总结或期盼回复
Dear——
1. I am delighted to learn that——.
2. It——.
3. In my opinion,——.
4. On the one hand,——.
5. On the other hand, ——
6. As to the——, I suggest——.
7.If ——
8.It is unnecessary for you to——
9. In addition,——. 10.I am sure——
11.Please inform me ——
12.I am looking forward to ——
Sincerely yours,
Signature:
1.写信的原因2.引出作者的建议3.表达建议内容 4.提出建议的理由一
5.建议的理由二6.具体到某一方面的建议内容7.供被建议人选择的条件
8.建议内容的另一方面9.其它的建议10.对建议内容的评价
11. 对建议内容所做出的承诺12. 表达个人的愿望
4. 投诉信模板
写作“三步走”：说明投诉问题->描述具体情况->期待解决方案
Dear_____,
①I am ______(自我介绍). ②I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about.[转自第一公文网：gongwen.1kejian.com]
③The reason for my dissatisfaction is _____(总体介绍). ④In the first place,______(抱怨的第一个方面). ⑤In addition, ______ (抱怨的第二个方面). ⑥Under these circumstances, I find it_____(感觉) to _____(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).
⑦I appreciate it very much if you could _____(提出建议和请求), preferably ______(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by _____(设定解决事情最后期限). ⑧Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.
To Whom It May Concern( Dear sir or Madam),
①I am ______(自我介绍). I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_____( 投诉的内容)
②The causes for my dissatisfaction lie upon three points as follows: firstly，_____ (抱怨内容的一个方面). Sencondly((Besides,Moreover)_____ (抱怨内容的另一方面); Finally,_____ (抱怨内容的第三个方面). ③Under these circumstances, I find it difficult to_____(客观的评论).
③I am sure that you are able to thoroughly understand my discontent, which you are bound to replace with a satisfactory solution. I would be grateful if you could _____(表达本人的愿望)as soon as possible.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
范文：
Dear Sir or Madam,
I bought an electronic dictionary from your online store on January 1st,but I found it has some problems after using it for a short period of time.
To egin with,the battery needs recharging after a mere 2 hours of use.This means that I need to carry my charger with me when I go out for a day.In addition,the buttons on the electronic dictionary are so small that it is nearly impossible to type anything with them.Personally,I find this to be completely unacceptable.
Therefore,I would like to either change the electronic dictionary for another model that works well or a full refund.Your help is greatly appreciated.
Yours sincerely,
Zhang Wei
5.求职信模板
求职信是求职者写给招聘单位的信函。求职信是自我表白，其目的和作用要是让人事主管看，因人事主管有太多的求职信函要看，因此要简明扼要。语言注意点求职信不同于简历。在介绍自己情况时，不可面面俱到，否则篇幅过长，反而不易得到重视。应重点突出与所应聘职位相关的自己的特点及特长。语言要有礼貌，要能体现出诚恳的态度和对工作的渴求。
求职信一般包括以下几个方面的内容：首先要阐述清楚招聘信息的来源，以及所申请的职位;其次简述个人信息;然后进一步强调自己的能力，表达抱负，并请求给予面试机会;最后提出自己的希望，希望得到面试的机会，并且告诉对方你的联系方式。
求职信的语言属于正式用语，在写作过程中一定要注意用词简洁准确，语气礼貌自信，态度不卑不亢，所给信息具有一定的可信度。尤其是在强调自身经历和优点的时候，更应把握尺度。
推荐模板
Date,
Dear …
I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in….
I am sure that I meet the qualifications you specified in your ads. I am a …., and I have … I have also…
My references are available and I can send as soon as possible.
Thank you for your consideration of my application. I am looking
forward to your prompt reply.
Yours sincerely,
Name…
范文：
May12，2015
Dear Sirs,
I am writing to apply for the post of English consultant in your company. I saw the ads on the China Daily today.
I am a graduate from Sichuan University, my major is English. In four years campus life, I have done a lot of part time jobs which are involved in English. I have already passed TEM-8 and gained several awards of English competitions. So I believe I am qualified to do this job.
I hope I am lucky enough to get a interview. if so,please contact me at 123456. I am looking forward to your call.
Yours faithfully,
Jane
常用表达：
写信缘由：
1.I see your advertisement in yesterday’s China Daily that…
2.I am interested in the post/ I should like to apply for the post of which you advertised in…
in yesterday’s China Daily…
I am writing you to show my keen interest in…, which you've advised in…
4.I am writing to apply for the position of...you advertised in yesterday's...
5.Having noticed the enclosed advertisement in this morning’s China Daily News, I wish to apply for the position referred to.
6.Learning form Mrs Liu that you are looking for a HR manager,I should like to apply for the position.
个人情况介绍：
1.To briefly introduce myself, I am a gradute student of ... University majoring in ... and expect graduation this June.
2.Not only do I have excellent academic performance in all courses, but I also possess the rich experience of...
3.My interactive personal skills and teamwork spirit are also appropriate for this post.
4.The main reason for my confidence in this position lies in...
5. In the past four academic years, I have proved myself to be a straight A student, awarded a succession of scholarships.
6. I am a good team player, self-motivated and eager to learn. I believe I deserve your consideration. n7.I believe that my ability and experience will fully qualify me for the position of….
结尾：
1.I would be grateful if you could arrange an interview at your earliest convenience.
2. I am looking for a job as… and would be grateful if you would consider me for such a post in your firm.
3. I am looking forward to your early reply/the interview.
4. I look forward to hearing from you and I do hope I shall have the opportunity of an interview
5.Please find more details in my enclosed resume.
6.For further information, please refer to my attached resume.
7.Enclosed you’ll find a copy of my resume.
8.Enclosed are my score reports (成绩单) on all subjects and two
recommendations.
9. Thank you for your time and patience, and I would greatly appreciate it if
you could grant me an interview.
10. I would be grateful if you could arrange an interview at your earliest
convenience.
11.I hope I am lucky enough to get a interview if so, please contact me at
123456. I am looking forward to your call.
练习：
按照求职信的格式和要求，以李平的名义给松下公司电子部写一封100-120个词的求职信。内容包括如下：
1. 在8月6日的《北京晚报》上看到了贵公司电子部招聘业务员的广告。
2. 随信附上一份简历及导师的推荐信。
3. 我曾经在电子部工作过，所以我熟悉各种电器。
4. 在假期里，我曾经在多家商店做过业务员。
Words for reference：
电子部 Electronic Device Section 推荐信 reference
Dear Sirs，
Having seen your advertisement in Beijing Evening News of August 6th for a salesman in the Electronic Device Department of your company, I’m very interested in the job and I feel I’m qualified to meet the requirements. Therefore, I’m enclosing a resume together with a reference from my supervisor.
As you can see, I once worked in the Electronic Department. So I am familiar with different kinds of electronic devices. I have worked more than once as a salesman in some stores during my previous vacations. Besides, I’m very patient and friendly in nature. I’m confident that I shall be suitable for the kind of work.
If you need any further information, I shall be very pleased to supply it. I’ll be very grateful if you can grant me with an interview. I am Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ping
6.邀请信模板：
写作“三步走”：说明邀请目的->说明活动安排->期待尽早回复
Dear ______， I will be holding ________ at ______ on _________ in order to __________. As you are a close friend of our family, my parents and I would very much like you to join us in _________ and share our joy.
The occasion will start at _________ , and activities include _________ , _________ and _________ . In addition, there will be _________ . I am sure you will enjoy a good time. My family would feel honored by your presence.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
练习：
You are going to celebrate your 23rd birthday with a big party. Write a letter to invite your friend Anne to the party. In the letter, please specify the time and the location, explain the activities, and express your wish for her attendance.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address。
范文：
Dear Anne,
I wonder if there is any chance for you to come to my 23rd birthday party at my house on this Saturday night, May the 8th. It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. In addition, since you are a fan of rock music, I am glad to tell you that I have invited our campus Rock'n'Roll band, the "Brain break", to perform. There are also arrangements for dancing and cake-cutting, which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy. The dinner starts at 6 pm so that we can have a nice and long evening. I would love for you to attend, so please let me know your decision.
Love,
Li Ming
三、 其他写作类型模板
1. 阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。
(1) 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。
(2)分析并举例使其更充实。
The good old proverb ----------------(名言或谚语)reminds us that ----------------(释义)。Indeed, we can learn many things form it.
First of all,-----------------(理由一)。For example, -------------------(举例说明)。Secondly,----------------(理由二)。Another case is that ---------------(举例说明)。Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)。
In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点)。In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. From Joozone.com.
2. 说明原因型
这个模板的中文大意是：在某种场合，发生某种现象，并提供一些相关数据，然后列出这种现象的三个原因，并将三个原因总结为一个最主要原因，最后提出避免这种现象的两个办法。总的来说，利用这个模板写英语作文，是相当容易的，您只要将适当的内容，填写到对应的方括号中，一篇通顺的英语作文即可完成。下面就是这个模板。
Nowadays, there are more and more [某种现象] in [某种场合]. It is estimated that [相关数据]. Why have there been so many [某种现象]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is [原因一]. Besides, [原因二]. The third one is [原因三]. To sum up, the main cause of [某种现象] is due to [最主要原因]. It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing, [解决办法一]. On the other hand, [解决办法二]. All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [某种现象].
范文：
Generation gap between parents and children
Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so- called generation gap . It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their children's unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned).
Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows . The first one is that ( the two generations,having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes ,thus the disagreement often rises between them). Besides(due to having little in common to talk about , they are not willing to sit face to face ) . The third reason is (with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don't spare enough time to exchange ideas ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( lake of communication and understanding each other) .
It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing (children should respect their parents ).On the other hand ,( parents also should show solicitue for their children).All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap .
模块(2)
In recent years , xx has caused a heated debate on ( 1 )。
The factors for ( 2 ) .First of all ,( 3 )。Then , there comes a case that ( 4 )。Moreover , ( 5 ) . Especially when ( 6 ) .Indeed, these unique points can be collected theo remind people that ( 7 )。In this way ,we should behave just like ( 8 )。
范文
The impact of Television.
In recent years , with the development of science and technology ,80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels .It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children ).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.
The factors for (parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it ) .First of all ,(with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then , there comes a case that ( some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ).
Moreover , ( the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies ) . Especially when ( the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them ) .
Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that ( they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV viewing ).In this way ,children will not be influented too deeply .
3. 对比选择型作文模板
When it comes to ____ ,different people hold different views .
Some contend that____。For one thing,____ .For another,___ . In spite of all these claims, others maintain that ____，They point out that____ .Another instance often cited is that____ .
It’s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue. As for me, there’s some truth to both arguments .It’s advisable to ______.
4. 解决问题方法题型
(1)问题现状
(2) 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明A的现状)。Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一)。For another -------------(解决方法二)。Finally, --------------(解决方法三)。
Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法)。Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处)。
5. 说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)
(1)说明事物现状
(2) 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)
(3) 你对现状(或前景)的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(A的优点之一)。Besides -------------------(A的优点之二)。
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)。To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)。
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)。
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)。
6. 对比观点题型
要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
(1) 有一些人认为……
(2) 另一些人认为……
(3) 我的看法……
The topic of ①-----------------(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二)。Moreover, ④---------------(理由三)。
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一)。Secondly (besides)，⑥------------------(理由二)。Thirdly (finally)，⑦------------------(理由三)。
From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点)。The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因)。As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
7. 图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart)， ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases)，significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounde.
四、练习及范文
第一篇：
金钱是一切吗?In Money Everything?
I don‘t think money is everything， but we can’t do without it. Fox example， money can‘t buy us happiness and a good education. And for another example， money can’t buy us good health and a l ong life. But we can not live without money. We need it for our daily necessities such as food， clothes and transportation. What‘s more， we need it to live a better life. In short， we should learn the value of money and make the most of its advantages.
第二篇：
1.一些人喜欢住在城市，因为城市生活有许多便利。
2.但有些人喜欢住在农村。
3.我认为，……
Where to live —in the City or in the Country
Some people like living in the city because city life has many advantages. They think there are more job opportunities in cities， life there is more colorful and meaningful than that in the country， and there are more modern conveniences in cities for people to enjoy.
But some other people prefer to live in the countryside. They say life in the countryside is closer to nature and better for their health， life there is quieter and that country people are more honest than city people.
I would like to live in a city when I am young to earn enough money and I live in the countryside when I am old for having a quite life.
第三篇：
你叫李平，是英语系学生会主席。写一封信给王教授，请他做一个有关中国历史的报告。注意信中要包括目的、时间、日期和地点。
May 19，2002
Dear Professor Wang：
On behalf of the Student Union of the English Department， I am writing to invite you to give a lecture on Chinese history.We have planned to have such a lecture at 2：30 p. m. in Lecture Hall 419， on May 25. Looking forward to your lecture. Inform us in advance if you can not come.
Sincerely yours，
Li Ping
第四篇：
男女应该平等吗?(Should Men and Women Be Equal?)
Should Men and Women Be Equal?
People have different ideas about this issue， Some people say that men are superior to women in ability because men are physically stronger， do most of the hard labor in the world and hold most important positions. Other people believe that women have the ability to compete with men. There have been many famous women state leaders and great scientists in the world. We should fully carry out the principle “to each according to his work” so that the enthusiasm of both men and women for work can be fully aroused.
第五篇：
1.在中国，自行车是最为流行的交通工具。
2.骑自行车有许多好处。
3.自行车的未来……
The Bicycle in China
The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in China. China is a country “on bicycle wheels”。People ride them for various purposes such as going to and from school and work. Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.
There are many advantages to riding a bicycle. First， using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities. Second， people can improve their health by riding a bicycle.
The future of bicycle will be bright. In some European countries， city governments have arranged pedestrians to use “public bicycles” to travel round the city center free of charge.
第六篇：
你是Helen，要写一封信给Julie，对她和她的丈夫昨日请你和你丈夫吃饭表示感谢，表示要回请他们，以答谢他们的盛情款待。
Dear Julie：
Thank you very much for the dinner that you invited my husband and I to yesterday. The food not only looked and smelled fabulous but tasted great， and my husband and I enjoyed it very much. Therefore， we would like to invite you to dinner at 7 p.m. this Friday at the Northwest Chinese restaurant to return your kindness and hospitality.
Please do come.
Yours，
Helen
第七篇：
1.假冒伪劣商品是个严重问题。
2.一些原因导致了这种现象。
3.为了扫除假冒伪劣商品，……
Fake Commodities
Fake and poor quality commodities are a serious problem. Many things can be faked such as soybean sauce， vinegar， bicycles， and many other things. The interests of consumers are affected， and many enterprises keep losing money because of cheap fake commodities.
There are some reasons for such a phenomenon. The major one is the desire of some people to “make easy money”。These people think nothing of the law of the protection of intellectual property rights.
To get rid of fake and poor quality commodities， the government should educate people to obey the law of the protection of individual intellectual property rights and not to sell any fake goods. The government should punish severely and close down all the factories producing fake goods.
第八篇：
你是Alice.你的朋友Bonnie很快就要到你的乡间小屋拜访，但你却要出去一会儿。留一张便条给她，告诉她食品在哪儿，告诉她一个人在屋里时应注意些什么。
May 18， 2002
Dear Bonnie：
I will be away for a while. The key to the cottage is under the doormat， and the food is in the refrigerator. After entering the house， lock the door from inside at once. The cottage is far away from the nearest town， and the area is not quite safe from burglars. So I think the saying is right “Where there is precaution， there is no danger”.
Have a nice stay here.
Yours，
Alice
