成人学位英语习题（3）

Questions I to 5 are based on the following passage:

Spending 50 minutes with a cell phone close to your ear is enough to change brain cell activity in the part of the brain closest to the antenna(天线). But whether that causes any harm is not clear, scientists at the National Institute of Health said at a conference last month, adding that the study will not likely settle concerns of a link between cell phones and brain cancer. “What we showed is glucose (葡萄糖) metabolism(代谢)(a sign of brain activity) increases in the brain in people who were exposed to a cell phone in the area closest to the antenna,” said Dr. Nora Volkow of the NIH, whose study was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. (76) The study was meant to examine how the brain reacts to electromagnetic fields caused by wireless phone signals。

Volkow said she was surprised that the weak electromagnetic radiation(电磁辐射) from cell phones could affect brain activity, but she said the findings do not shed any light on whether cell phones cause cancer. “This study does not in any way indicate that. What the study does is to show the human brain is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation from cell phone exposures。” Use of the devices has increased dramatically since they were introduced in the early 1980s, with about 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide。

Some studies have linked cell phone exposure to an increased risk of brain cancers, but a large study bu the World Health Organization did not offer a clear answer to this. Volkow’s team studied 47 people who had their brain examined while a cell phone was turned on for 50 minutes and another while the phone was turned off. While there was no complete change in brain metabolism, they found a 7 percent increase in brain metabolism in the region closest to the cell phone antenna when the phone was on。

(77)Experts said the results were interesting, but urged that they be understood with great care. “ Although the biological significance, if any, of increased glucose metabolism from too much cell phone exposure is unknown, the results require further investigation,” Henry Lai of the University of Washington in the U.S. and Dr. Lennart Hardell of University Hospital in Sweden, wrote in an article in JAMA. “Much has to be done to further investigate and understand these effects。” They wrote。

1、According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A.、Cell phone use is dangerous。

B、Cell phone use causes cancer。

C、The human brain is an electromagnetic field。

D、There are about 5 billion cell phone users in the world right now。

答案：此类题目我们有三种方法处理：一、暂时搁置在这里，后面的题目肯定会给我们有关信息;二、利用常识解题法排除部分选项;三、带着选项关键词一目一行在原文中猎寻有用信息。

选项A与B选项里有常识解题法可以排除，因为手机的辐射是对身体有所危害，但离A与B选项所说的严重性远远不够，否则全世界能够人手一手机?太吓人了，应该说是“可能”;

C选项“人脑是一个电磁场”，这样的论调闻所未闻，可以排除。

答案是D。带着D选项内容一目一行，定位在第二段最后一句话。

2、Doctor Volkow was astonished because ______。

A、her research has shed light on her understanding of cell phone

B、she found that cell phone exposure is harmful to human brain

C、she found that using a cell phone for about 50 minutes could influence or change brain activity

D、human brain is not responsive to electromagnetic radiation

答案：B选项可以排除，手机的辐射对人脑的危害，这个说法已经早有定论，完全没有必要她去“found”，马后炮是也;我们反向思维一下，作者在手机使用已经相当相当普及的今天，还具文提及手机辐射的危害，那么说明她一定是有“与众不同的论调，发现”，同时题干也提及是“astonished”，而非一般的surprise，

一目一行浏览选项，我们发现只有C选项，才能与题干的astonished 相吻合，答案是C。

D选项“人脑对电磁辐射无动于衷”利用常识排除。

认证答案：带着关键词“Volkow astonished”一目一行定位答案范围：第二段第一句。定位句说：这微弱的电磁辐射可能影响人的大脑活动，但…...答案是C。

如果您对选项中的50 minutes 感到怀疑的话，请你一目一行带着50 minutes 去猎寻，第一段第一句。(说明是长时间的使用，对人的危害大)。

3、According to the passage, cell phones were launched _______。

A、in the late 1970s B. between 1980 and 1985

C、in the late 1980s D. in the early 1990s

答案：此类题目您当然得带着选项关键词或内容去原文中一目一行猎寻。此题目带着数字即可。定位答案范围：第二段最后一句话。

In the early 1980s 与B选项相吻合。答案是B。

4、What does the word “that” stand for in the second paragraph?

A. Brain activity。

B. Her research findings。

C、The fact that cell phone use may cause cancer。

D.、Her research progress。

一网支招：此类题目请你找到划线词语后，那么答案信息就在划线词语的附近，千万别自作聪明，费力不讨好而舍近求远，反而误选答案。

That 是一个远指代词，即它指代的东西前面一定已经出现了，同时句子中还出现了this，说明信息就在前面一句话。“whether cell phone cause cancer”就是她的study。答案是C。

5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?

A. Cell Phone Radiation: Is It Harmful? B. Cell Phone Radiati0n: Is It Useful?

C. Cell Phone Radiation: Is It Healthy? D. Cell Phone Radiation: Is It Weak?

答案：通过以上题目所提供的信息，我们已经对文章大意已经有所了解了：手机的危害。与此相吻合的选项是A。答案是A。

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

Human beings have always had an ability to attend to several things at once. (78) Nor is electronic multitasking entirely new: We’ve been driving while listening to car radios since they became popular in the 1930s. but there is no doubt that multitasking has reached a kind of warp speed in the era of Web-enabled computers, when it has become routine to conduct several IM(及时通讯)conversations, watch TV and use the computer all at once。

But what’s the impact of this media consumption? And how are these multitasking devices changing how kids learn, reason and communicate with one another ?Social scientists and educators are just beginning to deal with these questions, but the researchers already have some strong opinions。

(79)Although multitasking kids may be better prepared in some ways for today’s fast-paced work placed, Many scientists are positively alarmed by the trend。 Kids that are instant messaging while doing homework, playing games online and watching TV, aren’t going to do well in the long run。

On the positive side, multitasking students tend to be extraordinarily good at finding and using information. And probably because modern childhood centers around visual(视觉的)rather than print media, they are especially skilled at analyzing visual data and images。

Many educators and psychologists say parents need to actively ensure that their teenagers break free of uncontrollable engagement with screens and spend time in the physical company of human beings—a growing challenge not just because technology offers such a handy option but because so many teenagers and college students say overcommitted(任务过量的)schedules drives much of their multitasking。

Just as important is for parents and educator to teach kids that it’s valuable, even essential, to occasionally slow down, unplugs and take time to enjoy life beyond the screen。

6. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. How is multitasking define (定义)in the information age?

.B、w do people see new technology and the social change it brings about?

C. How does technology change modern family life?

D. What’s the impact of multitasking on young people?

答案：此类题目请你暂时搁置在这里。通过完成下面的题目，所获得的信息，会对文章大意的理解有所帮助的。

7. The expression “warp speed” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to____。

A. Low speed B. Too much time alone。

C. high speed D、steady speed

答案：_____speed(速度)，如果您的眼睛足够麻利，您一定会发现原文中的关键词“computers”，电脑，那在我们的常识中是“高速度”的代名词。答案我们就可大胆填入C。

认证答案：句子大意：毫无疑问，在互联网时代，多任务处理已经达到了_____，现在人们已经习惯同时开启多个即时聊天窗口，又看电视，又玩电脑。可知，一个人同时做这些事情，速度当然不能不快，答案是C。

8. According to some teenagers and college students ,what causes their multitasking?

A. Overcommitted schedules B. Too much time alone

C. Inability to focus D. Fear of being neglected

答案：什么引起了青少年和大学生的mutitasking“多任务处理”。如果在此能够知道什么是mutitasking 就好了(第一段第一句就有解释：人类有一种在同一时间处理几件事情的能力，那我们是否就可以理解为中文的“分心”这个词语的意思)。我们反向思维，什么原因引起人们“分心”“一心二用”。利用我们的常识，想做的事情多了，自然而然就分心了。答案是A。

认证答案：带着关键词teenageres and college students 一目一行定位答案范围：倒数第二段最后一句话。

定位句中的drive 就是题干中的cause 的同义转述。

9. According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?

A. Humans have begun to engage in the multitasking behaviors since the information age。

B. Multitasking is a critical skill that students are required to learn at school。

C. Only parents can help their kids to get rid of the multitasking habits。

D. multitasking may prepare students for the reality of today’s fast-paces work environment。

答案：A选项“自从信息时代，人们就已经开始“分心”，其实分心应该早于信息时代，准确地说，原始社会就有了。(认证答案：第一段第二句，in the 1930s)，可以排除;B选项毫无疑问得排除;C选项的“only”这个词语告诉我们，此选项太绝对，信息是错误的，排除。答案是D。

D选项与第三段第一句相吻合。

10. What do educators and psychologist advise parents to do their multitasking kids?

A. To cut off home internet connection。

B. To seek medical treatment。

C. To encourage their kids to have some social life。

D. to help their kids to set personal goals

答案：利用常识排除A与B选项;带着关键词“educators and psychologist advised” 一目一行定位答案范围：最后一段。

定位句说：……take time to enjoy life …..答案是C“鼓励孩子参加社会活动”。

原文中的teach 就是题干中advised 的同义转述。

别忘了，返回去完成第六小题。根据以上题目的完成，我们已经明白了文章大意，mutitasking 分心的原因及解决办法。前面几道题目都提及了mutitasking(出现的频率太高)，利用切题解题法，我们知道，文章应该与mutitasking 有关。排除B与C选项;

A选项范围太狭隘，可以排除;答案是D“mutitasking 分心对年轻人的影响”。

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:

The nuclear power emergency at a Japanese atomic power plant last March could lead to a major re-examination in European countries that are already building such plants or are considering a shift from fossil(化石) fuels to nuclear energy to fight climate change.

With the terrible accident 25 years ago in Chernobyl(切尔诺贝利) beginning to fade in European Memories, governments across Europe have grown more open to using more nuclear power. Enthusiasm for nuclear power is particularly strong in Eastern Europe, which wants to move away from dependence on Russian oil and natural gas, and on heavily polluting coal-fired power plants. Eastern governments have begun improving existing nuclear plants or are building or planning new ones. But as Japan struggled to deal with her nuclear crises, discussion about the good and the bad of nuclear power became heated。

(80)In Germany, nuclear power has been a repeatedly argued and widely felt issue for decades。 Up to 70 percent of Germans oppose nuclear power. Recently about 40,000 people turned out to form a human chain near a nuclear plant to protest government policies on nuclear power. “The accident in Japan could lead to a major rethink in Europe,” said Henrik Paulitz of the International Doctors for the Prevention of Nuclear War. “Governments have not been quite open about the safety levels of the nuclear power plants。” Chancellor(总理) Angela Merkel heads a center-right unity government that supports the use of nuclear power. Her government recently made a disputed decision to extend the life of the country’s 17 nuclear power plants by an average of 12 years. She will now face more pressure the change that policy. She called an emergency meeting with her senior ministers. “We know how safe our plants are and that we do not face a threat from such a serious earthquake or violent tidal wave,” Mrs. Merkel said after the meeting. “We will learn what we can from the events in Japan。”

11. According to the passage, which of the following about Europe is TRUE?

A. It is dependent on Russia for gas and oil。

B. It has put an end to fossil fuels。

C. It had a major nuclear accident this year。

D. It is likely that they would rethink their nuclear power policies。

答案：选项中的It 指代“Europe”。

A选项：欧洲的天然气和石油都依赖于俄罗斯。利用常识解题法快快排除，选项太绝对，活该被判处死刑(原文中只提及到Eastern Europe东欧国家。第一段第七行。);

B选项“欧洲国家已经不用化石燃料了”，化石燃料即天然气和石油。利用常识解题法快快排除;

C选项：今年有一严重的核事故。(不好排除，搁置在这里，看看D选项是否能够给我们信息，再行定夺);

D选项：可能会重新考虑他们的核政策。(同样不好排除)

带着选项内容，一目一行猎寻信息：第一段最后一句话：…discussion about the good and the bad of nuclear power became heated。关于核动力的好处和坏处的讨论变得热烈了。此题目出题人是费了功夫的，因为没有出现选项内容有关的直接的信息。既然如此，也就说明人们对核动力的“使用”产生了怀疑。答案是D。

12. According to the passage, all the following statements about Eastern Europe are true EXCEPT _______ 。

A. they are eager to build new nuclear power plants

B. they have totally forgotten the Chernobyl accident 25 years ago

C. they have improved their nuclear power plants

D. they want energy independence

答案：密切注意选项中的they 的指代关系，指代的是Eastern Europe。

不过如果您的眼睛足够“毒”的话，您一定发现了B选项中的“totally 完全地”，偷着乐去吧，此处的“totally”表达的意思太绝对了。故而答案就是B。

13. In the second paragraph, the author mainly discusses_______。

A. the nuclear accidents in Japan last March

B. nuclear power policies in Germany

C. German attitude towards nuclear power

D. the safety levels of nuclear power plants in Germany

答案：一网支招：一目一行浏览段落的第一句或最后一句话，这些地方就是文章大意出没的地方。

这两句话出现的高频词是“German 德国”，利用切题解题法，排除A选项;文章第一句说“德国人一直在讨论nuclear”，讨论什么?故而答案是C“德国人对nuclear的态度”。

14. The word “heads” in the third paragraph can be best replaced by ______ 。

A. leads B. tops C. minds D. arms

答案：总理_______支持nuclear的右翼联合政府。“总理领导政府”答案是A。

同时，head “头——引申为：带领”。

15. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage?

A. Japan’s Nuclear Crisis Causes Fear in Europe。

B. The Chernobyl Disaster Helps Europe Better Understand Nuclear Power Energy。

C. German Governments Supports Nuclear Power Energy。

D. Germany Has Learnt a Lesson From Japan。

答案：11小题说，欧洲会重新考虑核政策(为什么?日本的核泄漏，nuclear的何去何从，全世界恐慌哪!!);13小题的信息：德国人对nuclear的态度。通过这两个小题的信息，利用切题解题法，我们知道，文章应该是讲述日本核泄漏后，人们对nuclear的态度。答案是A。

Vocabulary and Structure (30%)

Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet。

16. By no means ____to her parents

A. this is the first time has she lied

B. this is the first time does she tell a lie

C. this is the first time she had lied

D. this is the first time she was lying

答案：一目一行浏览选项，我们发现A与B选项是正常语序;C与D选项是倒装语序。故而我们首先得确定是否倒装。

根据倒装的原则“按照中文的正常语序，不能放在句首的词语而放在了句首，那么这个句子就得倒装”。By no mean”绝不”，是不能放在句首的，故而句子得倒装，排除A与B选项;

C与D选项的区别：时态。C选项的语言环境是“现在”;D选项语言环境是“过去”;句子意思是她绝不是第一次撒谎。即她撒谎是现在一直的事情。语言环境是现在。答案是C。

17. You have failed toew tests. You’d better start working harder, ____you won’t pass the course。

A. and B. but C. or D. so

答案：弄明白主句和从句的逻辑关系，答案就近在咫尺了。答案是C“or 否则”。

18. His children are well-behaved, _____those of his sister’s are very naughty。

A. and B. so C. thus D. while

答案：与17小题的解题思路一样。题干关键词：well-behaved (行为好)，naughty(调皮的)，故而这两个词语表达对比关系。答案是D“while 表前后强烈的对比，强烈的反差”。

19. How can you keep fit ____you smoke so much every day?

A. but B. however C. if D. otherwise

答案：解题思路与18小题一样。答案是C“if 如果”。

20. The news has spread all over the country ____ the spaceship succeeded in returning to the earth。

A. what B. that C. if D. otherwise

答案：此题目考察从句的连接词，我们急需判定是什么性质的从句(定语从句、名词性从句)。我们翻译一下句子：太空飞船成功返回地球的消息传遍了全国。就明白了从句实际上是接在the news后面，所以我们不得不考虑它是一定语从句还是一同位语从句。“太空飞船成功返回地球”就是the news的内容，the news的内容就是“太空飞船成功返回地球”。故而它们两者的关系就是“北京首都，首都北京”，所以我们判定它是一同位语从句。

同位语从句的句子意思已经完整，且不带疑问成分，连接词是that。答案是B。

Whether要求名词性从句句意完整，带疑问成分。

21. I didn’t know your mobile phone number; otherwise I ____ you the moment I got to Washington。

A. have rung B. wound ring C. have rung D. wound have rung

答案：按照选项特点，把选项分类：A与C为一类(语言环境为现在);B与D选项为一类(语言环境为过去)。

题干关键词did not，告诉我们语言环境是过去，排除A与C选项;

Otherwise 否则，我就给你打电话了。反过来，你是没有打电话的。即“你就会打电话”是一地地道道的假设(已经完全没有实现的可能性了)，故而这里需要用虚拟语气，这里是对过去虚拟，所以答案是D。

22. As they are retired, Mr. and Mrs. Scott prefer a hours in the country to ____ their remaining years there。

A. spend B. spending C. spent D. spends

答案：此题目如果您粗略地分析的话，您就会陷入出题人给您的陷阱。我们一定记得这个短语：prefer A to B要A不要B 。这个结构中A与B是对等的结构，即A是名词，那么B也应该是名词;A是动名词，那么B也应该是动名词。所以很多考生就毫不犹豫地填入了B选项。

他们prefer(想要)一房子，to_______度晚年。故而这里是不能适用“prefer A to B”这个结构的。这里是不定式表达目的。答案是A。

23. ____ by this grandparents, jimmy wasn’t used to living with his parents。

A. Too bring up B. To be brought up C. Brought up D. Being brought up 答案：考察非谓语。

根据选项特点，把选项分类：A选项为一类(主动语态);其余三个选项为一类(被动语态)。

找非主语(前面没有，找后面，反过来后面没有找前面。)： Jimmy。非主语Jimmy是不能发出bring up 这个动作的，故而此处需要被动语态，排除A选项。

Bring up 这个动作发生在“was not used to live with”之前，根据非谓语图表，答案是C。(何为非谓语图表，请参阅前面语法部分，在此省略，请谅解)

24、Please remain ____until the plane has come to a complete stop。

A. to seat B. to be seated C. seating D. seated

答案：remain是一系动词“保持”;“保持坐着的状态”，排除A与B选项，因为remain与“坐”应该是同时发生。

但seat是一个特殊的动词，它要求被动表达主动。答案是D。

25. While watching television,____。

A. the doorbell rang B. the door bell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings

答案：此题目如果您没有技巧的话，您肯定是一头雾水而抓阄了，因为每个选项似乎都行。关键是找准“非主语”，即非谓语动作的主语。

此题目反其道而行之，给出了非谓语“watching”，而要我们去选项中寻找非主语，排除A与B两个选项，因为它们不能发出watching的动作;

剩下的就是ring与rings的区别，自然而然就提醒您想到hear的特殊用法： hear是一个感官动词，它后面需要接动词原形。故而答案是C。

26. ____,the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting。

A. Generally speaking B. On the country

C. In particular D. To be honest

答案：词语辨析。没有多少技术含量可言，您只要认识选项词语，然后使句子通顺即可。

A选项：一般而言;B选项：反过来; C选项：尤其;D选项：老实说。

答案是D。薪水不吸引人，尽管工作有趣。

27. The robber had escaped and was nowhere to be found when the police ____

A. arrived B. had arrived C. belongs D. have arrived

答案：考察时态。

按照选项特点，把选项分类：A与B选项为一类(语言环境为过去);C与D选项为一类(语言环境是现在)。根据句意和关键词“had escaped 和was”，我们判定句子的语言环境是过去，排除C与D选项。

B选项用了过去完成时，而过去完成时的动作需要发生在一个过去动作之前，即过去的过去。而本题目是抢劫者先“escaped”，警察后“arrived”，换句话说，也就是arrived 没有发生在escaped 之前，故而不能用过去完成时。答案是A。

28. Professor Wilson keeps telling his students that the future ______ to the well-educated。

A. is belonged B. is belonging C. belongs D. will be belonged

答案：亲爱的学员朋友，如果您清楚belong“属于”的用法，那么答案就近在咫尺了。看着选项就能够弄出答案来。

Belong是一个不及物动词，不能用被动语态，排除A与D选项;同时它也不能用动词的ing形式(我们中文里也同样不能说“正在属于”，即belong这个词语不能持续)，排除B选项。

答案是D。

29. This company is closing up, so lots of workers will be laid ______。

A. down B. out C. off D. aside

答案： 词语辨析。

实话实说，此类题目是没有多少技术含量可言，看你的词汇量了。根据句子意思，空格处需要填入“下岗”之类意思的词语。

Lay 的本来意义是“放、搁置”，所以它的短语都应该与它的本来意义有关的。

Lay down 放下;lay out 放出、摆出;lay off ，off是“离开”，下岗;lay aside 放…..一边，储蓄;

答案是C。

30. Just take it easy and us exactly what has happened。

A. say B. speak C. tell D. talk

答案：精明的阁下，一看选项您应该就明白出题人的意图了吧，这四个词语的区别。say 后面接说话的内容，是一个及物动词;speak 只有在说某种语言时，才是及物动词，其余场合皆为不及物动词;talk 不及物动词;tell，“告诉”及物动词，tell sb sth。答案是C。tell us what has happened

Sb sth

31. Some developed countries are trying to the serious problems resulting from the energy crisis。

A. step up B. cope with C. cut off D. end up

答案：词语辨析。您的词汇量如何?一般而言，对于此类题目，我们也没有多少良策，送你一句话：记忆单词是一个永恒的话题。

Step up 提高，加快;cope with 处理;cut off 切断; end up 结束，死亡。

根据句子意思，答案是B。

32. He is such a man who is always fault with other people。

A. putting B. seeking C. finding D. looking for

答案：词语辨析。

Find fault with sb 挑剔，抱怨。答案是C。其余词语不能与之构成短语。

33. After the retired from office, Rogerspainting for a while, but soon lost interest。

A. took up B. save up C. kept up D. drew up

答案：解题思路与32一样。Take up 从事。占用;save up 存钱;keep up 保持，继续;draw up 起草，定制。根据题意答案是A。

34. fire, all exits must be kept clear。

A. In place of B. Instead of C. In case of D. In spite of

答案：解题思路与以上题目一样。

In place of 代替;instead of 代替;in case of 以免，防止; in spite of 尽管

A 与B选项排除;根据句子意思，答案是C。

35.My parents will move back into town in a year or 。

A. later B. after C. so D. about

答案：答案是C。

A year or so 一年左右。

36. Dogs have a very good of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake。

A. sense B. view C. means D. idea

答案：答案是A。

37. The house I grew up has been taken down and replaced by an office building。

A. in it B. in what C. in that D. in which

答案：首先排除A选项，因为此题目需要连词(两个谓语grew、has been taken down，需要一个连词);排除C选项，介词后面不能接that，只能是which和whom;定语从句已经完整，选择关系副词(介词 + which= 关系副词)，答案是D。

主句是：the house has been taken down and replaced by.....;从句是I grew up。因为grew up 是一个不及物短语，也就是说，从句已经句意完整，于是选择关系副词。

38. Tom has already given up theof smoking for the sake of health。

A. custom B. habit C. hobby D. convention

答案：词语辨析。

Custom(社会)风俗，习俗;habit (个人)习惯(不论好和坏);hobby个人好习惯;convention (正式书面语)惯例。

Smoking 是个人的坏习惯。答案是B。

39. Stephen Bullon is the only man in the village today that has survived the war。

A. live B. lived C. alive D. active

答案：词语辨析。

排除A与B选项，因为两个是动词，本题目不需要动词做谓语;alive“活着的，作后置定语，符合题意，答案是C。

40. As she entered the room she could see big bright lights hung from the 。

A. roof B. top C. ceiling D. height

答案：词语辨析。

Roof (从屋外看到的)屋顶;ceiling(屋内的)屋顶;答案是C。

41. Those experiments have laid a solid foundation for hisresearch in material science。

A. far B. deep C. farther D. further

答案：词语辨析。

根据解题技巧，我们可以锁定选项是C与D。Farther 是far 的比较级，只有far 的本来意义：时间或空间的距离远;Further 也是far 的比较级，但它有一个引申义“更进一步的/ 地”。句意是______的研究，很明显这是引申义。答案是D。

42. The weather forecast says it is going to clear soon。

A. up B. out C. over D. about

答案：词语辨析。

请密切注意up soon 是一个固定短语，意思是“很快”;clear up 清理;所以这里的clear 是“晴朗的”意思，而不是与up 组成一起而构成“清理”之意义;